Italy/Italia (italian)

                                                              1500 a.c – 1300 a.c: Terramare

 

                                                              1300 a.c – 750 a.c: Etruscan/Etruschi

 

                                                               750 a.c – 509 a.c: Kingdom/Regno

 

                                                               509 a.c – 27 a.c: Republic/Repubblica

 

                                                              27 a.c – 476 d.c: Empire/Impero

 

                                                               476 – 93: Heruli/Eruli

 

                                                              493 – 540: Ostrogoths/Ostrogoto

 

                                                               540 – 569: Byzantine/Bizantino

 

                                                               569 – 774: Kingdom/Regno

 

                                                               774 – 817: Franks/Franchi

 

                                                               817 – 1004: Kingdom/Regno

 

                                               1004 – 1796: Holy Roman Empire/Sacro Romano Impero

 

                                                               1796 – 1802: States/Stati

 

                                                              1802 – 05: Republic/Repubblica

 

                                                              1805 – 14: Kingdom/Regno

 

                                                              1814 – 61: States/Stati

 

                                                               1861 – 1946: Kingdom/Regno

 

                                                              1946 -: Republic/Repubblica

 

Kings/Re                                                                                                                                               Prime Ministers/ Primo ministro 

                                                               1900 – 46: Vittorio Emanuele III

                                                               1900 – 01: Giuseppe Saracco

                                                              1946: Umberto II

                                                               1901 – 03: Giuseppe Zanardelli

Provisional Heads of State/Capi di Stato provvisori 

                                                              1903 – 05: Giovanni Giolitti

                                                               1946: Alcide De Gasperi

                                                               1905 – 06: Alessandro Fortis

                                                              1946 – 48: Enrico De Nicola

                                                              1906: Sidney Sonnino

Presidents/Presidenti

                                                               1906 – 09: Giovanni Giolitti

                                                               1948: Enrico De Nicola

                                                              1909 – 10: Sidney Sonnino

                                                              1948 – 55: Luigi Einaudi

                                                              1910 – 11: Luigi Luzzatti

                                                               1955 – 62: Giovanni Gronchi

                                                               1911 – 14: Giovanni Giolitti

                                                              1962 – 64: Antonio Segni

                                                               1914 – 16: Antonio Salandra

                                                              1964: Cesare Merzagora

                                                               1916 – 17: Paolo Boselli

                                                               1964 – 71: Giuseppe Saragat

                                                               1917 – 19: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando

                                                               1971 – 78: Giovanni Leone

                                                               1919 – 20: Francesco Saverio Nitti

                                                               1978: Amintore Fanfani

                                                              1920 – 21: Giovanni Giolitti

                                                              1978 – 85: Sandro Pertini

                                                               1921 – 22: Ivanoe Bonomi

                                                               1985 – 92: Francesco Cossiga

                                                              1922: Luigi Facta

                                                               1992: Giovanni Spadolini

Leader/Duce (dictator)

                                                              1992 – 99: Oscar Luigi Scalfaro

                                                               1922 – 43: Benito Mussolini

                                                               1999: Nicola Mancino

Prime Ministers/ Primo ministro

                                                              1999 – 2006: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

                                                              1943 – 44: Pietro Badoglio

                                                               2006 – 15: Giorgio Napolitano

                                                              1944 – 45: Ivanoe Bonomi

                                                               2015: Pietro Grasso

                                                               1945: Ferruccio Parri

                                                              2015 -: Sergio Mattarella

                                                              1945 – 53: Alcide De Gasperi

 

                                                               1953 – 54: Giuseppe Pella

 

                                                                1954: Amintore Fanfani

 

                                                              1954 – 55: Mario Scelba

 

                                                              1955 – 57: Antonio Segni

 

                                                               1957 – 58 : Adone Zoli

 

                                                              1958 – 59: Amintore Fanfani

 

                                                               1959 – 60: Antonio Segni

 

                                                              1960: Fernando Tambroni-Armaroli

 

                                                               1960 – 63: Amintore Fanfani

 

                                                              1963: Giovanni Leone

 

                                                               1963 – 68: Aldo Moro

 

                                                              1968: Giovanni Leone

 

                                                               1968 – 70: Mariano Rumor

 

                                                              1970 – 72: Emilio Colombo

 

                                                               1972 – 73: Giulio Andreotti

 

                                                               1973 – 74: Mariano Rumor

 

                                                               1974 – 76: Aldo Moro

 

                                                              1976 – 79: Giulio Andreotti

 

                                                               1979 – 80: Francesco Cossiga

 

                                                               1980 – 81: Arnaldo Forlani

 

                                                               1981 – 82: Giovanni Spadolini

 

                                                              1982 – 83: Amintore Fanfani

 

                                                               1983 – 87: Bettino Craxi

 

                                                              1987: Amintore Fanfani

 

                                                              1987 – 88: Giovanni Goria

 

                                                               1988 – 89: Ciriaco De Mita

 

                                                                1989 – 92: Giulio Andreotti

 

                                                               1992 – 93: Giuliano Amato

 

                                                              1993 – 94: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

 

                                                               1994 – 95: Silvio Berlusconi

 

                                                              1995 – 96: Lamberto Dini

 

                                                               1996 – 98: Romano Prodi

 

                                                               1998 – 2000: Massimo D'Alema

 

                                                               2000 – 01: Giuliano Amato

 

                                                              2001 – 06: Silvio Berlusconi

 

                                                               2006 – 08: Romano Prodi

 

                                                               2008 – 11: Silvio Berlusconi

 

                                                               2011 – 13: Mario Monti

 

                                                              2013 – 14: Enrico Letta

 

                                                               2014 – 16: Matteo Renzi

 

                                                               2016 – 18: Paolo Gentiloni Silveri

 

                                                              2018 -: Giuseppe Conte

Kosovo/ Косово (serbian)/ Kosova (albanian)

                                                              5700 a.c – 883 d.c: Serbia/Србија (Srbija)

 

                                                       883 – 1018: Bulgaria/Бугарска (Bulgarska)/Bullgaria

 

                                                  1018 – 1203: Byzantine/Византија (Bizantija)/Bizantine

 

                                                         1203 – 46: Bulgaria/Бугарска (Bulgarska)/Bullgaria

 

                                                      1246 – 82: Byzantine/Византија (Bizantija)/Bizantine

 

                                                              1286 – 1459: Serbia/Србија

 

                                                 1459 – 1912: Ottoman/Османско (Osmansko)/Osmane

 

                                                              1912 – 15: Serbia/Србија (Srbija)

 

1915 – 18: Austria-Hungary/Аустрија-Мађарска (Austrija-Mađarska)/Austria-Hungaria

 

                                                              1918: France/Француска (Francuska)/Franca

 

                                       1918 – 41: Yugoslavia/Југославија (Jugoslavija)/Jugosllavia

 

                                                            1941: Germany/Њемачка (Njemačka)/Gjermania

 

                                                              1941 – 43: Italy/Италија (Italija)/Italia

 

                                                   1943 – 44: Germany/Њемачка (Njemačka)/Gjermania

 

                                        1944 – 92: Yugoslavia/Југославија (Jugoslavija)/Jugosllavia

 

                                                               1992 – 99: Serbia/Србија (Srbija)

 

1999 – 2008: United Nations/Уједињене нације (Ujedinjene nacije)/Kombeve të Bashkuara

 

                                                           2008 -: Republic/Република (Republika)/Republika

 

Governors/Гувернери (Guverneri)/Guvernatorët 

Chairmen of the Executive Council/ Председника Извршног већа (Predsednikа Izvršnog većа)/ Kryetarët e Këshillit Ekzekutiv

                                                               1900 – 02: Reshad Bey Pasha Решад бег-паша

                                                              1953 – 63: Fadil Hoxha Фадиљ Хоџа

                                                      1903 – 04: Shakir Pasha Numan Шакир-паша Нуман

                                                               1963 – 67: Ali Shukriu Али Шукрија

                                            1905 – 07: Mehmed Shefket Pasha Мехмед Шефкет паша

                                                              1967 – 74: Ilija Vakic Илија Вакић

                                                              1908: Hadi Pasha Хади паша

                                                 1974 – 78: Bogoljub Nedeljkovic Богољуб Недељковић

                                                               1909 – 10: Mazhar Bey Pasha Мазхар бег-паша

                                                               1978 – 80: Bahri Oruçi Бахри Оручи

                                                                 1911: Halil Bey Pasha Халил бег-паша

                                                                1980 – 82: Riza Sapindzija Риза Сапунџијa

                                                                 1912: Ghalib Pasha Галиб паша

                                                              1982 – 84: Imer Pula Имер Пула

Chairman of the Committee for the National Defence/ Председник Одбора за националну одбрану (Predsednik Odborа zа nаcionаlnu odbrаnu)/Kryetar i Komitetit për Mbrojtjen Kombëtare

                                    1984 – 86: Ljubomir Nedjo Borkovic Љубомир Неђо Борковић

                                                              1918 – 24: Kadri Hoxha Кaдри Хоxхa

                                                                 1986 – 87: Namzi Mustafa Назми Мустафа

Civil Commissioner/Цивилни повереник (Civilni poverenik) / Komisioneri Civil  

                                                             1987 – 89: Kaqusha Jashari Каћуша Јашари

                                                              1941: Fevzi Bej Alizoti Февзи Беј Ализоти

                                                              1989: Nikolla Shkreli Никола Шкерли

President of the Second League of Prizren/Председник Друге лиге Призрен (Predsednik Druge lige Prizren) / Kryetar i Lidhjes së Dytë të Prizrenit

                                                              1989: Daut Jashanica Даут Јашаница

                                                               1943 – 44: Xhafer Deva Џафер Дева

                                                               1989 – 90: Jusuf Zejnullahu Јусуф Зејнулаху

Secretaries of the Central Com.of the Communist Party/Секретари Централног комитета Комунистичке партије (Sekretari Centralnog komiteta Komunističke partije)/ Sekretarët e Komitetit Qendror të Partisë Komuniste

Prime Ministers/Премијери (Premijeri)/ Kryeministrat (Проалбанска (Proalbanska)/ Pro-shqiptare)

                                                              1944 – 45: Miladin Popovic Миладин Поповић

                                                              1990 – 91: Jusuf Zejnullahu Jусуф Зейнуллaху

                                                              1945 – 56: Djordjije Pajkovic Ђорђије Пајковић

                                                               1991 – 2000: Bujar Bukoshi Буйaр Букосхи

                                                              1956 – 65: Dusan Mugosa Душан Мугоша

Prime ministers/Премијери (Premijeri)/ Kryeministrat

                                                              1965 – 71: Veli Deva Вели Дева

                                                               2002 – 04: Bajram Rexhepi Бајрам Реџепи

                                                              1971 – 81: Mahmut Bakalli Махмут Бакали

                                                              2004 – 05: Ramush Haradinaj Рамуш Харадинај

                                                              1981 – 82: Veli Deva Вели Дева

                                                               2005: Adem Salihaj Aдем Сaлихaй

                                                               1982 – 83: Sinan Hasani Синан Хасани

                                                               2005 – 06: Bajram Kosumi Бaйрaм Косуми

                                                              1983 – 84: Ilaz Kurteshi Илаз Куртеши

                                                               2006 – 08: Agim Çeku Агим Чеку

                                                   1984 – 85: Svetislav Dolasevic Светислав Долашевић

                                                              2008 – 14: Hashim Thaçi Хашим Тачи

                                                                1985 – 86: Kolë Shiroka Коле Широка

                                                               2014 – 17: Isa Mustafa Иса Мустафа

                                                              1986: Azem Vllasi Азем Власи

                                                              2017 – 20: Ramush Haradinaj Рамуш Харадинај

                                                              1988: Kaqusha Jashari Каћуша Јашари

                                                                2020: Albin Kurti Аљбин Курти

                                                              1988 – 89: Remzi Kolgeci Ремзи Колгеци

                                                               2020 -: Avdullah Hoti Авдулах Хоти

                                                              1989 – 90: Rahman Morina Рахман Морина

 

Chairman of the People's Liberation Committee/Председник Народноослободилачког одбора (Predsednik Narodnooslobodilačkog odbora)/ Kryetar i Komitetit të Çlirimit të Popullit

 

                                                                1944 – 45: Mehmed Hoxha Мехмед Хоџa

 

Presidents of the Assembly/ Председника Скупштине (Predsednikа Skupštine)/ Kryetarët e Kuvendit

 

                                                              1945 – 53: Fadil Hoxha Фaдил Хоџa

 

                                                               1953: Ismet Saqiri Исмет Сaqири

 

                                                              1953 – 56: Djordjije Pajkovic Ђорђије Пајковић

 

                                                              1956 – 60: Pavle Jovicevic Павле Јовићевић

 

                                                             1960 – 63: Dusan Mugosa Душан Мугоша

 

                                                               1963 – 67: Stanoje Aksic Станоје Акшић

 

                                                              1967 – 69: Fadil Hoxha Фадиљ Хоџа

 

                                                              1969 – 74: Ilaz Kurteshi Илаз Куртеши

 

Presidents of the Presidency/ Предсједника Предсједништва (Predsјednikа Predsјedništvа)/Presidentët e Presidencës

 

                                                              1974 – 81: Xhavid Nimani Џавид Нимани

 

                                                              1981 – 82: Ali Shukriu Али Шукрија

 

                                                              1982 – 83: Kolë Shiroka Кољ Широка

 

                                                     1983 – 85: Shefqet Nebih Gashi Шефкет Небих Гаши

 

                                        1985 – 86: Branislav Skembarevic Бранислав Скембаревић

 

                                                              1986 – 88: Bajram Selani Бајрам Селани

 

                                                              1988 – 89: Remzi Kolgeci Ремзи Кољгеци

 

                                                              1989 – 90: Hysen Kajdomçaj Хисен Кајдомчај

 

Provincial Coordinator/ Покрајински координатор (Pokrајinski koordinаtor)/Koordinator Krahinor

 

                                                        1990 – 91: Momcilo Trajkovic Момчило Трaйковић

 

Mayors of Pristina/Градоначелници Приштине (Gradonačelnici Prištine)/ Kryetarë të Prishtinës

 

                                                         1991 – 92: Zivojin Mitrovic Живојин Митровић

 

                                                           1992: Novica Sojevic Новицa Сойевић

 

Pro-Albanian Government/ Про-албански Влада (Pro-аlbаnski Vlаdа)/Qeveria Pro-shqiptare

 

President/ Председници (Predsednici)/ Presidentët

 

                                                              1992 – 2000: Ibrahim Rugova Ибрахим Ругова

 

Republic of Kosovo/Република Косово (Republika Kosovo)/ Republika e Kosovës

 

Presidents/Председници (Predsednici)/ Presidentët

 

                                                              2002 – 06: Ibrahim Rugova Ибрахим Ругова

 

                                                               2006: Nexhat Daci Неџaд Дaци

 

                                                              2006 – 10: Fatmir Sejdiu Фатмир Сејдију

 

                                                               2010 – 11: Jakup Krasniqi Јакуп Красники

 

                                                              2011: Behgjet Pacolli Бехђет Пацоли

 

                                                               2011: Jakup Krasniqi Јакуп Красники

 

                                                             2011 – 16: Atifete Jahjaga Атифете Јахјага

 

                                                              2016 – 20: Hashim Thaçi Хашим Тачи

 

                                                              2020 -: Vjosa Osmani-Sadriu Османи-Садриу

 

Malta (english/maltese)

                                                              5200 a.c – 1000 a.c: Sicani

 

                                                              1000 a.c – 700 a.c: Phoenicia/Fenici

 

                                                              700 a.c – 218 a.c: Greece/ Greċja

 

                                                               218 a.c – 445 d.c: Rome/Ruma

 

                                                               445 – 535: Vandals/Vandali

 

                                                               535 – 870: Byzantine/ Biżantini

 

                                                               870 – 1091: Arabs/Għarab

 

                                                               1091 – 1530: Sicily/ Sqallija

 

     1530 – 1798: Knights of St. John Hospitaller/Kavallieri ta 'San Ġwann Ospitali 

 

                                                              1798 – 1801: France/Franza

 

                                                              1801 -1962: British/Brittaniku

 

                                                              1962 – 74: State/Stat

 

                                                              1974 -: Republic/Repubblika

 

Governors/ Gvernaturi

                                                              1899 – 1903: Francis Wallace

 

                                                              1903 – 07: Charles Mansfield Clarke

 

                                                              1907 – 09: Henry Eugene Walter Grant

 

                                                              1909 – 15: Henry Macleod Leslie Rundle

 

                                                              1915 – 19: Paul Sanford Methuen

 

                                                              1919 – 24: Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer

 

                                                              1924 – 27: Walter Norris Congreve

 

                                                              1927 – 31: John Philip du Cane

 

                                                             1931 – 36: David Graham Muschet Campbell

 

                                                               1936 – 40: Charles Bonham-Carter

 

                                                               1940 – 42: William Dobbie

 

                                                   1942 – 44: John Standish Surtees Prendergast Vereker

 

                                                              1944 – 46: Edmond Charles Acton Schreiber

 

                                                               1946 – 49: Francis Campbell Ross Douglas

 

                                                              1949 – 54: Gerald Hallen Creasy

 

                                                               1954 – 59: Robert Edward Laycock

 

                                                               1959 – 62: Guy Grantham

 

                                                                1962 – 64: Maurice Henry Dorman

 

Governors-general/ Gvernaturi-Ġenerali

 

                                                                1964 – 71: Maurice Henry Dorman

 

                                                               1971 – 74: Anthony Joseph Mamo

 

Presidents/ Presidenti

 

                                                              1974 – 76: Anthony Joseph Mamo

 

                                                               1976 – 81: Anton Buttigieg

 

                                                               1981 – 82: Albert Victor Hyzler

 

                                                               1982 – 87: Agatha Barbara

 

                                                               1987 – 89: Paul Xuereb

 

                                                              1989 – 94: Censu Tabone

 

                                                                1994 – 99: Ugo Mifsud Bonnici

 

                                                              1999 – 2004: Guido de Marco

 

                                                               2004 – 09: Edward Fenech Adami

 

                                                               2009 – 14: George Abela

 

                                                               2014 – 19: Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca

 

                                                               2019 -: George William Vella