Poland/ Polska (polish)

                                                              2200 a.c – 1600 a.c: Unetice/Unytiecka

 

                                                              1600 a.c – 1350 a.c: Otomani-Fuzesabony

 

                                                               1350 a.c – 250 a.c: Lusatian/Łużyce

 

                                                               250 a.c – 50 a.c: Kurgans/Kurhan

 

                                                                50 a.c – 170 d.c: Celts/Celtowie

 

                                                              170 – 400: Wielbark/Wielbarska

 

                                                              400 – s. V: Huns/Hunowie

 

                                                              s. V – s. X: Slavs/ Słowianie

 

                                                               s. X – 963: Kingdom/Królestwo

 

                                                              963 – 1025: Duchy/Księstwo

 

                                                              1025 – 79: Kingdom/Królestwo

 

                                                              1079 – 1138: Duchy/Księstwo

 

                                                               1138 – 1240: Kingdoms/Królestwa

 

                                                              1240 – 41: Mongol/Mongolowie

 

                                                               1241 – 59: Kingdoms/Królestwa

 

                                                              1259 – 60: Mongol/Mongolowie

 

                                                              1260 – 73: Kingdom/Królestwo

 

                                                               1273 – 79: Kingdoms/Królestwa

 

                                                               1279 – 87: Kingdom/Królestwo

 

                                                              1287 – 88: Mongol/Mongolowie

 

                                                              1288 – 1569: Kingdom/Królestwo

 

                                                              1592 – 99: Sweden/Szwecja

 

                                                              1599 – 1610: Kingdom/Królestwo

 

                                                               1610 – 12: Russia/Rosja

 

                                                               1612 – 97: Kingdom/Królestwo

 

                                                               1697 – 1704: Saxony/Saksonia

 

                                                              1704 – 09: Kingdom/Królestwo

 

                                                               1709 – 63: Saxony/Saksonia

 

                                                               1763 – 72: Kingdom/Królestwo

 

                                                               1772 – 1807: Prussia/Prusy

 

                                                               1807 – 15: Duchy/Księstwo

 

                                                              1813 – 15: Russia/Rosja

 

                                                              1815 – 33: Duchy/Księstwo

 

                                                               1833 – 1915: Russia/Rosja

 

                                                               1915 – 18: Germany/Niemcy

 

                                                               1918 – 39: Republic/Rzeczpospolita

 

                                                              1939 – 44: Germany/Niemcy

 

                                                               1944 – 45: Republic/Rzeczpospolita

 

                                 1945 – 52: URSS/Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich

 

                                                    1952 – 89: People' s Republic/Rzeczpospolita Ludowa

 

                                                              1989 -: Republic/Rzeczpospolita

 

Governors-general/Gubernatorzy generalni                                                                                  Head of the Provisional Government/ Szef rządu tymczasowego

                                                              1901 – 05: Mikhail Ivanovich Chertkov

                                                             1917: Michal Lempicki

                                                              1905: Konstantin Klavdievich Maksimovich

Prime Ministers/ Premierzy

                                                               1905 – 14: Georgiy Antonovich Skalon

                                                              1917 – 18: Jan Kucharzewski

                                                                1914: Yakov Grigoryevich Zilinsky

                                                                1918: Antoni Ponikowski

                                                               1914 – 17: Pavel Nikolayevich Yengalychev

                                                               1918: Jan Kanty Steczkowski

German Governor-general/ Niemiecki gubernatorzy generalny

                                                              1918: Stanislaw Dzierzbicki

                                                               1915 – 18: Hans Hartwig von Beseler

                                                               1918: Bohdan Broniewski

Chairmen of the Provisional Council of State/Przewodniczący Tymczasowej Rady Stanu

                                                               1917: Waclaw Józef Niemojowski

                                                             1918: Jan Kucharzewski

                                                               1917: Józef Karol Pomorski

                                                               1918: Bohdan Broniewski

                 1917 – 18: Aleksander Kakowski,Zdzislaw Lubomirski,Józef Ostrowski

                                                               1918: Józef Swiezynski

Chairman of the Polish National Committee/Przewodniczący Polskiego Komitetu Narodowego

                                                             1918: Wladyslaw Wróblewski

                                                               1917 – 18: Roman Dmowski

Head of the Provisional People's Government/ Szef tymczasowego rządu ludowej

Head of State/ Głowa stanu

                                                               1918: Ignacy Ewaryst Daszynski

                                                               1918 – 22: Józef Klemens Pilsudski

Prime Ministers/ Premierzy

Presidents/Prezydenci

                                                               1918 – 19: Jedrzej Edward Moraczewski

                                                               1922: Gabriel Józef Narutowicz

                                                               1919: Ignacy Paderewski

                                                               1922: Maciej Rataj

                                                             1919 – 20: Leopold Skulski

                                                               1922 – 26: Stanislaw Wojciechowski

                                                               1920: Wladislaw Grabski

                                                               1926: Maciej Rataj

                                                              1920 – 21: Wincenty Witos

De facto ruler/ De facto władcą

                                                               1921 – 22: Antoni Ponikowski

                                                              1926 – 35: Józef Klemens Pilsudski

                                                              1922: Artur Sliwinski

Presidents/Prezydenci

                                                               1922: Wojciech Korfanty

                                                              1926 – 39: Ignacy Moscicki

                                                              1922: Julian Ignacy Nowak

Military governors/ Gubernatorzy wojskowi

                                                             1922 – 23: Wladyslaw Eugeniusz Sikorski

                                                 1939: Heinrich Alfred Hermann Walther von Brauchitsch

                                                               1923: Wincenty Witos

                                                               1939: Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt

                                                              1923 – 25: Wladislaw Grabski

                                                              1939 – 40: Johannes Blaskowitz

                                                               1925 – 26: Aleksander Skrzynski

                                                               1940: Curt Ludwig Freiherr von Gienanth

                                                              1926: Wincenty Witos

Governor-general/Gubernator generalny

                                                              1926: Kazimierz Bartel

                                                              1939 – 45: Hans Michael Frank

                                                               1926 – 28: Józef Klemens Pilsudski

Chief of the Civil Administration/Szef administracji cywilnej

                                                               1928 – 29: Kazimierz Bartel

                                                               1941 – 44: Erich Koch

                                                              1929: Kazimierz Switalski

Secretaries-general of the Polish Workers' Party/Sekretarze generalni polskiej Partii Robotniczej

                                                               1929 – 30: Kazimierz Bartel

                                                               1943 – 48: Wladyslaw Gomulka

                                                               1930: Walery Slawek

                                                              1948 – 56: Boleslaw Bierut

                                                               1930: Józef Klemens Pilsudski

                         1956: Jakub Berman,Hilary Minc,Roman Zambrowski

                                                              1930 – 31: Walery Slawek

                                          1956: Konstanty Rokossowski,Edward Ochab

                                                               1931 – 33: Aleksander Blazej Prystor

                                                              1956: Edward Ochab

                                                               1933 – 34: Janusz Jedrzejewicz

                                                              1956 – 70: Wladyslaw Gomulka

                                                              1934 – 35: Leon Tadeusz Kozlowski

                                                              1970 – 80: Edward Gierek

                                                               1935: Walery Slawek

                                                               1980 – 81: Stanislaw Kania

                                                              1935 – 36: Marian Koscialkowski-Zyndram

                                                              1981 – 89: Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski

                                                              1936 – 39: Felicjan Slawoj-Skladkowski

                                                               1989 – 90: Mieczyslaw Franciszek Rakowski

                                                               1944 – 47: Edward Osóbka-Morawski

Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Council/ Przewodniczący Prezydium Rady Ludowej

                                                              1947 – 52: Józef Cyrankiewicz

                                                              1944 – 47: Boleslaw Bierut

                                                              1952 – 54: Boleslaw Bierut

Chairmen of the Council of State/ Przewodniczący Rady Stanu

                                                              1954 – 70: Józef Cyrankiewicz

                                                              1952 – 64: Aleksander Zawadzki

                                                               1970 – 80: Piotr Jaroszewicz

                                        1964: Edward Ochab ,Stanislaw Kulczynski,Oskar Lange

                                                              1980: Edward Babiuch

                                                               1964 – 68: Edward Ochab

                                                              1980 – 81: Józef Pinkowski

                                                               1968 – 70: Marian Spychalski

                                                               1981 – 85: Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski

                                                               1970 – 72: Józef Cyrankiewicz

                                                                1985 – 88: Zbigniew Messner

                                                               1972 – 85: Henryk Jablonski

                                                               1988 – 89: Mieczyslaw Franciszek Rakowski

                                                               1985 – 90: Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski

                                                               1989: Czeslaw Kiszczak

Presidents/ Prezydenci

                                                               1989 – 91: Tadeusz Mazowiecki

                                                                1990 – 95: Lech Walesa

                                                               1991: Jan Krzysztof Bielecki

                                                               1995 – 2005: Aleksander Kwasniewski

                                                               1991 – 92: Jan Olszewski

                                                               2005 – 10: Lech Aleksander Kaczynski

                                                              1992: Waldemar Pawlak

                                                               2010: Bronisław Maria Komorowski

                                                               1992 – 93: Hanna Suchocka

                                                               2010: Bogdan Michał Borusewicz

                                                               1993 – 95: Waldemar Pawlak

                                                              2010: Grzegorz Juliusz Schetyna

                                                               1995 – 96: Józef Oleksy

                                                               2010 – 15: Bronisław Maria Komorowski

                                                               1996 – 97: Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz

                                                               2015 -: Andrzej Sebastian Duda

                                                              1997: Marek Belka

 

                                                               1997 – 2001: Jerzy Karol Buzek

 

                                                              2001 – 04: Leszek Cezary Miller

 

                                                                2004 – 05: Marek Belka

 

                                                               2005 – 06: Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz

 

                                                                2006 – 07: Jaroslaw Kaczynski

 

                                                               2007 – 14: Donald Franciszek Tusk

 

                                                               2014 – 15: Ewa Kopacz

 

                                                               2015 – 17: Beata Maria Szydło

 

                                                                2017 -: Mateusz Jakub Morawiecki

Romania (romanian)

                                                              6000 a.c – 4300 a.c: Dudesti

 

                                                              4300 a.c – 3500 a.c: Boian

 

                                                              3500 a.c – 700 a.c: Thracian/Traci

 

                                                               700 a.c – s. I a.c: Scythians/Sciti

 

                                                              s. I a.c – 107 d.c: Dacian/Dacică

 

                                                               107 – 271: Rome/Roma

 

                                                               271 – 291: Gepids/Gepizi

 

                                                                291 – 455: Goth/ Goți

 

                                                               455 – 565: Huns/Huni

 

                                                                565 – 680: Avar

 

                                                               680 – 900: Bulgarians//Bulgari

 

                                                              900 – 1091: Pecheneg/Pecenegi

 

                                                                1091 - ?: Cumania/Cumani

 

                                                               1241 – 43: Mongol/Mongoli

 

                                                              1243 – 1324: Hungary/Ungaria

 

                                                              1324 – 1541: Principality/Principat

 

                                                              1541 – 1769: Ottoman/Otoman

 

                                                               1769 – 75: Russia/Rusia

 

                                                              1775 – 89: Ottoman/Otoman

 

                                                               1789 – 91: Austria

 

                                                               1791 – 1807: Ottoman/Otoman

 

                                                              1807 – 12: Russia/Rusia

 

                                                              1812 – 28: Ottoman/Otoman

 

                                                               1828 – 34: Russia/Rusia

 

                                                               1834 – 53: Ottoman/Otoman

 

                                                               1853 – 54: Russia/Rusia

 

                                                               1854 – 78: Ottoman/Otoman

 

                                                                1878 – 1916: Kingdom/Regatul

 

                                                              1916 – 18: Germany/Germania

 

                                                              1918 – 44: Kingdom/Regatul

 

                                             1944 – 47: URSS/Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste

 

                                                            1947 – 65: People's Republic/ Republica Populară

 

                                                           1965 – 89: Socialist Republic/ Republica Socialistă

 

                                                               1989 -: Republic/Republica

 

Kings/Rege                                                                                                                                           Prime Ministers/ Prim-miniştri

                                                               1881 – 1914: Carol I

                                                               1900 – 01: Petre P. Carp

                                                              1914 – 27: Ferdinand I

                                                              1901 – 06: Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza

German Governors/Guvernatori Germani

                                                               1906 – 07: Gheorghe Cantacuzino

                                                               1916: Erich von Falkenhayn

                                                               1907 – 09: Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza

                                                               1916: Erich von Falkenhayn

                                                               1909 – 11: Ion I. Constantin Bratianu

Kings/Rege

                                                               1911 – 12: Petre P. Carp

                                                               1927 – 30: Mihai I

                                                              1912 – 14: Titu Liviu Maiorescu

                                                              1930 - 40: Carol II

                                                               1914 – 18: Ion I. Constantin Bratianu

                                                               1940 – 47: Mihai I

                                                               1918: Alexandru Avarescu

Soviet Military Commander/ Comandant militar sovietic

                                                              1918: Alexandru Marghiloman

                                                             1944: Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko

                                                              1918: Constantin Coanda

Chairman of the Allied Control Commission/Președinte al Comisiei de control al Aliaților

                                                              1918 – 19: Ion I. Constantin Bratianu

                                                             1944 – 47: Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko

                                                               1919: Artur Vaitoianu

General secretaries of the Communist Party/ Secretari General al Partidului Comunist

                                                               1919 – 20: Alexandru Vaida-Voevod

                                                              1945 – 54: Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej

                                                               1920 – 21: Alexandru Avarescu

First secretaries of the Communist Party/Primii secretari ai Partidului Comunist

                                                              1921 – 22: Dumitru Take Ionescu

                                                              1954 – 55: Gheorghe Apostol

                                                               1922 – 26: Ion I. Constantin Bratianu

                                                               1955 – 65: Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej

                                                               1926 – 27: Alexandru Avarescu

General secretaries of the Communist Party/Secretarii generali ai Partidului Comunist

                                                                1927: Barbu Stirbey

                                                               1965 – 89: Nicolae Ceausescu

                                                               1927: Ion I. Constantin Bratianu

Chairman of the Presidium/Președinte al prezidiului 

                                                               1927 – 28: Vintila Bratianu

                                                              1947 – 52: Constantin Ion Parhon

                                                               1928 – 30: Iuliu Maniu

                                                              1952 – 58: Petru Groza

                                                               1930: Gheorghe G. Mironescu

                                                              1958: Mihail Sadoveanu

                                                               1930: Iuliu Maniu

                                                               1958 – 61: Ion Gheorghe Maurer

                                                                1930 – 31: Gheorghe G. Mironescu

Presidents of the State Council/Preşedinţi ai Consiliului de Stat

                                                               1931 – 32: Nicolae Iorga

                                                               1961– 65: Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej

                                                               1932: Alexandru Vaida-Voevod

                       1965: Ion Gheorghe Maurer,Stefan Voitec,Avram Bunaciu

                                                               1932 – 33: Iuliu Maniu

                                                              1965 – 67: Chivu Stoica

                                                               1933: Alexandru Vaida-Voevod

                                                              1967 – 89: Nicolae Ceausescu

                                                               1933: Ion Gheorghe Duca

Presidents/Preşedinţi

                                                                1933 – 34: Constantin Angelescu

                                                               1989 – 96: Ion Iliescu

                                                               1934 – 37: Gheorghe Tatarescu

                                                                1996 – 2000: Emil Ion Constantinescu

                                                               1937 – 38: Octavian Goga

                                                              2000 – 04: Ion Iliescu

                                                               1938 – 39: Miron Cristea

                                                              2004 – 14: Traian Basescu

                                                                1939: Armand Calinescu

                                                               2014 -: Klaus Werner Johannis

                                                              1939: Gheorghe Argesanu

 

                                                               1939: Constantin Argetoianu

 

                                                              1939 – 40: Gheorghe Tatarescu

 

                                                               1940: Ion Gigurtu

 

                                                               1940 – 44: Ion Antonescu

 

                                                              1944: Iuliu Maniu

 

                                                               1944: Constantin Sanatescu

 

                                                               1944 – 45: Nicolae Radescu

 

                                                               1945 – 47: Petru Groza

 

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers/ Presedintii a Consiliului de Miniştri

 

                                                                1948 – 52: Petru Groza

 

                                                              1952 – 55: Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej

 

                                                               1955 – 61: Chivu Stoica

 

                                                              1961 – 74: Ion Gheorghe Maurer

 

                                                              1974 – 79: Manea Manescu

 

                                                               1979 – 82: Ilie Verdet

 

                                                             1982 – 89: Constantin Dascalescu

 

Prime ministers/ Prim-miniştri

 

                                                               1989 – 91: Petre Roman

 

                                                              1991 – 92: Theodor Stolojan

 

                                                              1992 – 96: Nicolae Vacaroiu

 

                                                              1996 – 98: Victor Ciorbea

 

                                                               1998: Gavril Dejeu

 

                                                              1998 – 99: Radu Vasile

 

                                                               1999: Alexandru Athanasiu

 

                                                              1999 – 2000: Constantin Mugur Isarescu

 

                                                               2000 – 04: Adrian Nastase

 

                                                                2004: Eugen Bejinariu

 

                                                               2004 – 08: Calin Popescu-Tariceanu

 

                                                               2008 – 12: Emil Boc

 

                                                              2012: Cătălin Marian Predoiu

 

                                                               2012: Mihai Răzvan Ştefan Ungureanu

 

                                                                2012 – 15: Victor-Viorel Ponta

 

                                                               2015: Sorin Mihai Cîmpeanu

 

                                                              2015 – 17: Dacian Julien Cioloş

 

                                                                2017: Sorin Mihai Grindeanu

 

                                                               2017 – 18: Mihai Tudose

 

                                                               2018: Mihai Viorel Fifor

 

                                                                2018 – 19: Vasilica Viorica Dăncilă

 

                                                              2019 – 20: Ludovic Orban

 

                                                              2020: Nicolae Ionel Ciucă

 

                                                              2020 -: Florin Vasile Cîțu