Germany/Deutschland (german)

                                                              750 a.c – s. V d.c: Germanic/Germanen

 

                                                               s. V – 469: Huns/Hunnen

 

                                                              469 – 481: Germanic/Germanen

 

                                                              481 – 962: Franks/Franken

 

                                          962 – 1806: Holy Roman Empire/ Heiliges Römisches Reich

 

                                                              1806 – 13: Confederation/Staatenbund

 

                                                                1813 – 71: Prussia/Preußen

 

                                                              1871 – 1918: Empire/Kaiserreich

 

                                                             1918 – 33: Republic/Republik

 

                                                              1933 – 45: Nazism/ Nationalsozialismus

 

1945 – 90: German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany/ Deutsche Demokratische Republik und Bundesrepublik Deutschland

 

                                                              1990 -: Federal Republic/Bundesrepublik

 

Emperor/Kaiser

                                                             1888– 1918: Wilhelm II

 

Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Workers and Soldiers' Councils/Vorsitzenden des Exekutivrates der Arbeiter und Soldatenräte

                                            1918: Richard Müller,Hans-Georg von Beerfelde

 

Chairmen of the Central Council of the German Socialist Republic/ Vorsitzende des Zentralrats der Deutschen Sozialistischen Republik

                         1918 – 19: Robert Leinert,Emmanuel Cohen-Reuss,Hermann Müller

 

Presidents of the Constituent National Assembly/Präsidenten der Konstituierenden Nationalversammlung

                                                              1919: Wilhelm Pfannkuch

 

                                                              1919: Eduard Heinrich Rudolph David

 

Weimar president/Weimarer Präsidenten

                                                              1919 – 25: Friedrich Ebert

 

                                                              1925: Hans Luther

 

                                                               1925: Walter Simons

 

                                                               1925 – 34: Paul von Hindenburg

 

Nazi Ruler/Nazi Herrscher (dictator)

                                                               1934 – 45: Adolf Hitler

 

                                                               1945: Karl Dönitz

 

Presidents/ Präsidenten

                                                              1949: Karl Arnold

 

                                                            1949 – 59: Theodor Heuss

 

                                                              1959 – 69: Karl Heinrich Lübke

 

                                                              1969 – 74: Gustav Heinemann

 

                                                              1974 – 79: Walter Scheel

 

                                                               1979 – 84: Karl Carstens

 

                                                              1984 – 94: Richard von Weizsäcker

 

                                                               1994 – 99: Roman Herzog

 

                                                               1999 – 2004: Johannes Rau

 

                                                              2004 – 10: Horst Köhler

 

                                                               2010: Jens Böhrnsen

 

                                                              2010 – 12: Christian Wulff

 

                                                              2012: Horst Seehofer

 

                                                               2012 – 17: Joachim Gauck

 

                                                              2017 -: Frank-Walter Steinmeier

 

Chancellors/ Kanzler

                                                               1900 – 09: Bernhard Graf von Bülow

 

                                                              1909 – 17: Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg

 

                                                               1917: Georg Michaelis

 

                                                               1917 – 18: Georg Graf von Hertling

 

                                                              1918: Maximilian Prinz von Baden

 

                                                              1918: Friedrich Ebert

 

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners/ Vorsitzenden des Rates der Volkskommissare Kommissare

                                              1918: Friedrich Ebert,Hugo Haase

 

                                                               1918: Friedrich Ebert

 

                                            1918: Friedrich Ebert,Philipp Scheidemann

 

                                                                1918 – 19: Friedrich Ebert

 

Prime Ministers/ Premierminister

                                                              1919: Philipp Scheidemann

 

                                                              1919: Gustav Bauer

 

Chancellors/ Kanzler

                                                               1919 – 20: Gustav Bauer

 

                                                               1920: Hermann Müller

 

                                                               1920 – 21: Konstantin Fehrenbach

 

                                                              1921 – 22: Joseph Karl Wirth

 

                                                               1922 – 23: Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno

 

                                                               1923: Gustav Stresemann

 

                                                              1923 - 25: Wilhelm Marx

 

                                                              1925 – 26: Hans Luther

 

                                                              1926: Otto Gessler

 

                                                               1926 - 28: Wilhelm Marx

 

                                                              1928 – 30: Hermann Müller

 

                                                              1930 – 32: Heinrich Brüning

 

                                                               1932: Franz von Papen

 

                                                              1932 – 33: Kurt von Schleicher

 

                                                              1933 – 45: Adolf Hitler

 

                                                              1945: Paul Joseph Goebbels

 

Chairman of the Interim Government/ Vorsitzender der Übergangsregierung

                                     1945: Johann Ludwig Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (at Flensburg)

 

Chancellors/Kanzler

                                                               1949 – 63: Konrad Adenauer

 

                                                              1963 – 66: Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard

 

                                                              1966 – 69: Kurt Georg Kiesinger

 

                                                               1969 – 74: Willy Brandt

 

                                                               1974: Walter Scheel

 

                                                              1974 – 82: Helmut Schmidt

 

                                                              1982 – 98: Helmut Kohl

 

                                                               1998 – 2005: Gerhard Schröder

 

                                                              2005 -: Angela Dorothea Kasner Merkel

 

                                                                      German Democratic Republic (East Germany)/Deutsche Demokratische Republik (Ost-Deutschland) (german)

General Secretaries of the Socialist Unity (Communist) Party/ Generalsekretäre der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei (Kommunistische) Partei

                                            1946 – 50: Wilhelm Pieck, Otto Grotewohl

 

                                                              1950 – 71: Walter Ulbricht

 

                                                              1971 – 89: Erich Honecker

 

                                                              1989: Egon Krenz

 

                                                              1989 – 90: Gregor Gysi

 

Presidents/ Präsidenten

                                                              1949: Johannes Dieckmann

 

                                                              1949 – 60: Wilhelm Pieck

 

                                                              1960: Johannes Dieckmann

 

Chairmen of the Council of State/ Vorsitzenden des Staatsrates

                                                              1960 – 73: Walter Ulbricht

 

                                                              1973: Friedrich Ebert

 

                                                               1973 – 76: Willi Stoph

 

                                                               1976 – 89: Erich Honecker

 

                                                               1989: Egon Krenz

 

                                                              1989 – 90: Manfred Gerlach

 

President of the People's Chamber/Präsident der Volkskammer

                                                              1990: Sabine Bergmann-Pohl

 

Chairman of the All-German People's Council/ Vorsitzender des All-Deutsche Volksrat

                                                              1948 – 49: Wilhelm Pieck

 

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Premiers)/ Vorsitzenden des Ministerrates (Ministerpräsidenten)

                                                              1949 – 64: Otto Grotewohl

 

                                                              1964 – 73: Willi Stoph

 

                                                              1973 – 76: Horst Sindermann

 

                                                              1976 – 89: Willi Stoph

 

                                                               1990: Lothar de Maizière