China/中国 (Zhōngguó) (chinese)

Heads of State and Government/國家元首和政府首腦 (Guójiā yuánshǒu hézhèng fǔ shǒunǎo)

                                                              2000 a.c – 221 a.c: Kingdom/王国 (Wángguó)

 

                                                              221 a.c – 420 d.c: Empire/帝国 (Dìguó)

 

                                                              420 – 581: Kingdoms/王國 (Wángguó) 

 

                                                             581 – 618: Empire/帝国 (Diguo)

 

                                                              618 – 907: Kingdoms/王國 (Wángguó) 

 

                                                              907 – 1912: Empire/帝国 (Diguo)

 

                                                              1912 – 17: Republic/共和国 (Gònghéguó)

 

                                                              1917: Empire/帝国 (Diguo)

 

                                                               1917 – 1949: Republic/共和国 (Gònghéguó)

 

                                          1949 -: People' s Republic/人民共和国 (Rénmín Gònghéguó)

 

Emperors/皇帝 (Huángdì)

                                                              1875– 1908: Guangxu (Zaitian) 光緒

 

                                                             1908 – 11: Chun (Zaifeng) 載沣

 

                                  1911 – 12: Dowager Long Yu Huagtaihou 孝定景皇后叶赫那拉氏

 

                                                              1912 – 17: Puyi 溥儀

 

Republic of China/中國共和國 (Zhōnghuá Gònghéguó)

Military governor/軍事總督 (Jūnshì Zǒngdū)

                                                             1911: Li Yuan-hung 黎元洪

 

Presidents/總統 (Zǒntǒng)

                                                              1912: Sun Yat-sen 孙中山

 

                                                             1912 – 15: Yuan Shi-kai 袁世凱

 

Emperors/皇帝(Huángdì)

                                                             1915 – 16: Yuan Shi-kai 袁世凱

 

Presidents/總統(Zǒntǒng)

                                                             1916: Yuan Shi-kai 袁世凱

 

                                                             1916 – 17: Li Yuan-hung 黎元洪 (2)

 

Emperors/皇帝(Huángdì)

                                                             1917: Puyi溥儀

 

Presidents/總統(Zǒntǒng)

                                                              1917: Li Yuan-hung 黎元洪

 

                                                             1917 – 18: Feng Kuo-chang 馮國璋

 

                                                             1918 – 22: Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) 徐世昌

 

                                                             1922: Chao Tzu-ch'i (Zhou Ziqi) 周自齊

 

                                                             1922 - 23: Li Yuan-hung 黎元洪

 

                                                             1923: Chang Shao-ts'eng 張紹曾

 

                                                             1923: Kao Ling-wei (Gao Lingwei) 高凌霨

 

                                                             1923 – 24: T'sao K'un (Cao Kun) 曹錕

 

                                                             1924: Huang Fu 黃郛

 

                                                              1924 – 26: Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) 段祺瑞

 

                                                             1926: Hu Wei-te (Weide) 胡惟德

 

                                                              1926: Yen Hui-ching (Yan Huiqing)

 

                                                               1926: Tu Hsi-Kuei (Du Xigui) 杜錫珪

 

                                          1926 – 27: Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun/Wellington Koo) 顧維鈞

 

                                                              1927 – 28: Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin) 張作霖

 

Nationalist China/民族主義中國 (Mínzúzhǔyì Zhōnghuá)

Generalissimo of the Military Government/軍政府大元帥 (Jūn zhèngfǔ dàyuánshuài) 

                                                              1917 – 18: Sun Yat-sen 孙中山

 

         1918: Sun Yat-sen 孙中山 , Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) 唐绍仪,Wu Tingfang 伍廷芳

 

                       1918: Cen Chunxuan岑春煊,Lu Rongting陸榮廷 ,Tang Jiyao 唐繼堯

 

                                                              1918 – 20: Cen Chunxuan 岑春煊

 

            1920: Sun Yat-sen 孙中山 ,Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) 唐绍仪 ,Wu Tingfang 伍廷芳

 

Extraordinary President/非凡總統 (Feifan Zǒntǒng)

                                                              1921 – 22: Sun Yat-sen 孙中山

 

Generalissimo of the National Government/國民政府大元帥 (Guómín zhèngfǔ dàyuánshuài)

                                                             1923 – 25: Sun Yat-sen 孙中山

 

                                                              1925: Hu Han-min (Hanmin) 胡漢民

 

Chairmen of the National Government/國民政府主席 (Guómín zhèngfǔ zhǔxí) 

                                                              1925 – 26: Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) 汪精衛

 

                                                             1926 – 27: Tan Yankai 譚延闓

 

Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government/國民政府常務委員會主席 (Guómín zhèngfǔ chángwù wěiyuánhuì zhǔxí)

                                                              1927: Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) 汪精衛

 

                                                              1927 – 28: Tan Yankai 譚延闓

 

Chairmen of the National Government/國家政府主席 (Guójiā zhèngfǔ zhǔxí)

                                                              1928 – 31: Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石

 

                                                              1931 – 43: Lin Sen 林森

 

                                                              1943 – 48: Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石

 

People's Republic of China/中華人民共和國( Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)

Chairmen of the Communist Party of China/中國共產黨主席 (Zhōngguó gòngchǎndǎng zhǔxí)

                                                             1935 – 76: Mao Zedong 毛澤東

 

                                                              1976– 81: Hua Guofeng 華國鋒 

 

                                                             1981 – 82: Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦

 

General Secretaries of the Communist Party/General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party/共产党中央委员会总书记(Gòngchǎndǎng zhōngyāng wěiyuánhuì zǒng shūjì) 

                                                             1956 – 67: Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平

 

                                                             1980 – 87: Hu Yaobang胡耀邦

 

                                                              1987 – 89: Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽

 

                                                             1989 – 2002: Jiang Zemin 江澤民

 

                                                              2002 – 2012: Hu Jintao 胡錦濤

 

                                                               2012 -: Xi Jinping 习近平

 

Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of China/蘇維埃中央執行委員會主席 (Sūwéi'āi zhōngyāng zhíxíng wěiyuánhuì zhǔxí) 

                                                              1931 – 34: Mao Zedong 毛澤東

 

Chairman of the People's Government of North China/華北人民政府主席 (Huáběi rénmín zhèngfǔ zhǔxi)

                                                              1948 – 49: Dong Biwu 董必武

 

Chairman of the People's Government of the North-East/東北人民政府主席 (Dōngběi rénmín zhèngfǔ zhǔxí)

                                                             1949: Gao Gang 高岗

 

Chairman of the Central People's Government/中央人民政府主席 (Zhōngyāng rénmín zhèngfǔ zhǔxí) 

                                                              1949 – 54: Mao Zedong 毛澤東

 

Chairmen/主席 ( Zhǔxí)

                                                              1954 – 59: Mao Zedong 毛澤東

 

                                                              1959 – 68: Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇

 

                                          1968 – 72: Dong Biwu 董必武,Song Qingling 宋慶齡

 

                                                             1972 – 75: Dong Biwu 董必武

 

Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress/全國人民代表大會常務委員會主席 (Quánguó rénmín dàibiǎo dàhuì chángwù wěiyuánhuì zhǔxí)

                                                             1975 – 76: Zhu De 朱德

 

                                                              1978 – 83: Ye Jianying 葉劍英| 

 

Presidents/總統 (Zǒntǒng)

                                                             1983 – 88: Li Xiannian 李先念

 

                                                             1988 – 93: Yang Shangkun 楊尚昆

 

                                                               1993 – 2003: Jiang Zemin 江澤民

 

                                                             2003 – 13: Hu Jintao 胡錦濤

 

                                                               2013 -: Xi Jinping 习近平

 

Grand Secretaries/大秘書 (Dà Mìshū)

                                                                1893 – 1903: Kun'gang 崑岡 

                                                                1903 – 04: Jingxin 景新 

                                                                1905 – 06: Yüde 裕德

                                                                 1905 – 11: Natong 那通

Premiers/總理 (Zǒnglǐ)

                                                              1911: Yikuang 奕劻

 

                                                              1911 – 12: Yuan Shi-kai 袁世凱

 

                                                             1912: Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) 唐紹儀

 

                                                              1912: Lu Cheng-hsiang (Zhengxiang)

 

                                                              1912 – 13: Chao Ping-Chün (Zhao Bingjun)

 

                                                             1913: Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) 段祺瑞

 

                                                              1913 – 14: Xiong Xiling 熊希龄

 

                                                              1914: Sun Pao-ch'i (Baoqi) 孫葆旗袍(寶祺)

 

Secretaries of state/國務卿 (Guówùqīng)

                                                              1914 – 15: Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) 徐世昌

 

                                                             1915 – 16: Lu Cheng-hsiang (Zhengxiang) 陸徵祥

 

                                                              1916: Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) 徐世昌

 

                                                              1916: Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) 段祺瑞

 

Premiers/ 總理 (Zǒnglǐ)

                                                               1916 – 17: Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) 段祺瑞

 

                                                              1917: Wu Tingfang 伍才

 

                                                             1917: Li Jingxi 李靖西

 

                                                              1917: Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) 徐世昌

 

                                                               1917: Chang Shao-jong (Jiang Zhaozong) 張少鐘

                                                              1917: Li Jingxi 李靖西

 

                                                              1917: Chang Hsün (Zhang Xun) 張勳

 

                                                              1917: Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) 段祺瑞

 

                                                              1917 – 18: Weng Shizhen 王士珍

 

                                                              1918: Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) 段祺瑞

 

                                                     1918 – 19: Ch'ien Neng-hsün (Qiang Nengxun) 錢能訓 

 

                                                              1919: Kung Hsin-chan (Gong Xinzhan) 龔心湛 

 

                                                              1919 – 20: Chin Yün-P'eng (Jin Yunpeng) 靳云鹏

 

                                                               1920: Sa Chen-ping (Zhenbing) 薩鎮冰

 

                                                             1920 – 21: Chin Yün-P'eng (Jin Yunpeng) 靳云鹏

 

                                                              1921: Yen Hui-ching (Yan Huiqing) 顏惠慶

 

                                                             1921 – 22: Liang Shi-i (Shiyi) 梁士詒

 

                                                              1922: Yen Hui-ching (Yan Huiqing) 顏惠慶

 

                                                              1922: Chao Tzu-ch'i (Zhou Ziqi) 周自齊

 

                                                              1922: Yen Hui-ching (Yan Huiqing) 顏惠慶

 

                                                              1922: Wang Ch'ung-hui (Chonghui) 王寵惠

 

                                                               1922: Wang Ta-hsieh (Daxie) 汪答謝

 

                                                              1922 – 23: Wang Cheng-t'ing (Zhengting) 王正廷

 

                                                          1923: Cheng Shao-ts'eng (Zhang Shaozeng) 張紹曾

 

                                                              1923 – 24: Kao Ling-wei (Gao Lingwei) 高凌霨

 

                                                               1924: Sun Pao-ch'i (Baoqi) 孫寶琦

 

                                                             1924: Yen Hui-ching (Yan Huiqing) 顏惠慶

 

                                                              1924: Huang Fu 黃郛

 

                                                              1924 – 25: Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) 段祺瑞

 

                                                               1925 – 26: Hsu Shih-ying (Xu Shiying) 徐世英

 

                                                              1926: Chia The-yao (Jia Deyao) 賈得椏

 

                                                              1926: Hu Wei-te (Weide) 胡惟德

 

                                                               1926: Yen Hui-ching (Yan Huiqing) 顏惠慶

 

                                                             1926: Tu Hsi-Kuei (Du Xigui) 杜錫珪

 

                                           1926 – 27: Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun/Wellington Koo) 顧維鈞

 

                                                              1927 – 28: Pan Fu 潘復

 

                                                               1928 – 30: Tan Yankai 譚延闓

 

                                                              1930: Sung Tzu-wen (Song Ziwen) 宋子文

 

                                                              1930 – 31: Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石

 

                                                               1931: Ch'eng Ming-hsu (Chen Mingshu) 陳銘樞

                                                              1931 – 32: Sun Fo 孫科

 

                                                              1932 – 35: Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) 汪精衛 

 

                                                              1935 – 38: Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石

 

                                                               1938 – 39: K'ung Hsiang-hsi (Kong Xiangxi) 孔祥熙

                                                              1939 – 45: Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石

 

                                                              1945 – 47: Sung Tzu-wen (Song Ziwen) 宋子文

 

                                                              1947: Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石

 

                                                              1947 – 48: Chang Ch'ün (Zhang Qun) 張群

 

                                                              1948: Wong Wen-hao (Weng Wenhao) 翁文灝

 

                                                             1948 – 49: Sun Fo 孫科

 

                                                              1949: Ho Ying-ch'in (He Yingqin) 何應欽

 

                                                              1949 – 76: Zhou Enlai 周恩來

 

                                                              1976 – 80: Hua Guofeng 華國鋒

 

                                                              1980 – 87: Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽

 

                                                              1987 – 98: Li Peng 李鵬

 

                                                              1998 – 2003: Zhu Rongji 朱鎔基

 

                                                              2003 – 13: Wen Jiabao 溫家寶

 

                                                              2013 -: Li Keqiang 李克强

 

                                                                                                                           Tibet/西藏 (Xīzàng) (chinese)/ བོད་ (Bod) (tibetan)

                                                3000 a.c – 500 a.c: Tibetan/藏族 (Zàngzú )/ བོད་པ (Bod pa)

 

                                                 500 a.c – 625 d.c: Zhangzhung/象雄 (Xiàngxióng)/ ཞང་ཞུང་

 

                                                     625 – 842: Empire/帝国 (Dìguó)/Gong ma’I rgyal khab)

 

                                                             842 – 1244: Tibetan/藏族(Zàngzú )/ བོད་པ་ (Bod pa)

 

                                                1244 – 1642: Mongol/蒙古族 (Ménggǔ zú)/སོག་ཡུལ། (Sog po)

 

                                                    1642 – 1717: Koshut/和硕特汗国 (Hé shuò tè hàn guó)

 

                                                           1717 – 20: Dörbet Oirat/杜尔伯特部 (Dù'ěrbótè Bù)

 

                                                      1720 – 1913: China/中华 (Zhōnghuá)/རྒྱ་ནག ( Rgya nag)

 

                           1913 – 51: Kingdom/王国 (Wángguó) /རྒྱལཔོ’iརྒྱལཁབ​ (Rgyal po’irgyal khab)

 

                                                              1951 -: China/中华 (Zhōnghuá)/རྒྱ་ནག ( Rgya nag)

 

Dalai Lama/達賴喇嘛/ རྒྱལ་བ་རིན་པོ་ཆེ (Rgyal ba rin po che)

                                                            1876 – 1933: Thubten Gyatso 土登嘉措 ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་

 

                    1934 – 39: Thubten Jampal Yeshe Gyaltsen 热振·图旦绛白益西丹巴坚赞

 

                                                              1939 – 59: Tenzin Gyatso 簡稱丹增嘉措  ལྷ་མོ་དོན་འགྲུབ་

 

Dalai Lama (in exile) /達賴喇嘛 (流亡 (liu wang) / རྒྱལ་བ་རིན་པོ་ཆེ (Rgyal ba rin po che) (སྐྱབས་བཅོལ (skyabs bcol)

                                                              1959 -: Tenzin Gyatso 簡稱丹增嘉措  ལྷ་མོ་དོན་འགྲུབ་

 

Presidents of the Council of Ministers/总统部长会议 (Zǒntǒng bùzhǎng huìyì )/ སྲིད་འཛེ་པོ  བྐཤག​ (Srid’dzing bka’shag

                                                             1907 – 20: Changkhyim 锵清·阿旺钦若班桑ཅྷངྑྱིམ

 

                                              1907 – 23: Paljor Dorje Shatra 夏扎·班觉多吉བཤད་སྒྲ་དཔལ་འབྱོར་རྡོ་རྗེ

 

                                                        1907 – 26: Sholkhang 雪康·顿珠彭措 ཞོལ་ཁང དོན་གྲུབ་ཕུན་ཚོགས 

 

                                                              1926 – 40: Silong Yakkyi Langdun 朗顿·贡嘎旺秋 གླང་མདུན་ཀུན་དགའ་དབང་ཕྱུག་ 

                                                              1950 – 52: Lozang Tashi

Chairmen of the Cabinet (in exile)/內閣主席(流亡中)(Nèigé zhǔxí (liúwáng zhōng) / ཙོ ‘ཛིནབྐ’ ཤག  (Gtso ‘dzin bka’ shag (སྐྱབས་བཅོལ (skyabs bcol)

                                                               1950 – 60: Jangsa Tsang 長沙曾蔭權

                                    1960 – 65: Zurkhang Ngawang Gelek 卓康·阿旺格列 དབང་ཆེན་དགེ་ལེགས

 

                                      1965 – 70: Shenkha Gurney Topgyal 新噶·久美多杰 འགྱུར་མེད་སྟོབས་རྒྱལ

 

                                                             1970 – 75: Garang Lobsang Rigzin 噶讓·洛桑仁增

 

                                                               1975 – 80: Kunling Woeser Gyaltso 更德林·烏色堅贊

                                                                1980 – 85: Wangue Dorji 旺德多杰ཝངུཨེ་ཌོརྗི་

                             1985 – 90: Juchen Thupten Namgyal 久欽·土登南嘉 འཇུ་ཆེན་ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་

 

                                                               1990 – 91: Kelsang Yeshi 格桑嘉喜

                                                              1991 – 93: Gyalo Thondup 嘉樂敦珠

 

                                    1993 – 96: Tenzin Namgyal Tethong 哲通·丹增南嘉 ཊེནཟིན་ཎམགྱལ་ཊེཐོང་

 

                                                         1996 – 2001: Sonam Topgyal 索南多杰 བསོད་ནམས་སྟོབས་རྒྱལ 

 

                                                  2001 – 11: Samdhong Rinpoche 桑東仁波切 བློ་བཟང་བསྟན་འཛིན

 

                                                              2011 -: Lobsang Sangay 洛桑森格 / བློ་བཟང་སེང་གེ

 

                                               Chinese Government in Tibet/中国政府在西藏 (Zhōngguo Zhèngfú zài Xīzàng) (chinese)/རྒྱ་མི གཞུང བོད (Rgya mi Gzhung Bod) (tibetan)

Chinese Representatives/中国代表 (Zhōngguo dài biǎo)/རྒྱ་མི འཐུས་མི (Rgya mi Thus mi)

                                                                  1897 – 1902: Wenhai  文海 ཝེནཧཻ

                                                                   1902 – 04: Yugang 玉剛ཡུགང

                                                                    1904 – 06: Yutai 魚台 ཡུཏཻ་

                                                                    1906 – 12: Lianyu 聯宇

Chinese Special Envoys/中国特使 (Zhōngguo tèshǐ)/རྒྱ་མི དམིགས་བསལ (Rgya mi dmigs bsal sku tshab)

                                                            1912 – 14: Zhong Ying 鐘穎

                                                            1914 – 24: Lu Xingqi 陸興起

Military Commander-in-chief/军队总司令 (Jūnduí zǒng sī lìng)/ཌྲག་པོ་ཌམག་སྤྱི་ (Drag po Dmag spyi)

                                                              1951 – 67: Zhang Guohua 張國華

 

Xizang Autonomous Region/西藏自治区 (Xīzàng Zìzhìqū)/ བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས་ (Bod-rang-skyong-ljongs)

Chairmen of the government/政府主席 (Zhèngfú Zhǔxí)/གཞུང (Gtso ‘dzin Gzhung)

                            1964 – 67: Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme 阿沛•阿旺晋美 ་ང་ཕོད་ངག་དབང་འཇིགས་མེད་

 

                                                             1967 – 68: Yin Fatang 阴法唐

 

                                                             1968 – 70: Zeng Yongya 曾雍雅

                                                             1970 – 79: Ren Rong 任榮ཪེན་ཪོང་

 

                                                              1979 – 81: Tian Bao 天寶

 

                            1981 – 83: Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme 阿沛•阿旺晋美 ང་ཕོད་ངག་དབང་འཇིགས་མེད་

 

                                                              1983 – 85: Doje Cedain 多杰才旦རྡོ་རྗེ་ཚེ་བརྟན་

 

                                                             1985 – 90: Doje Cering 多吉才让 རྡོ་རྗེ་ཚེ་རིང་

 

                                                              1990 – 98: Gyaincain Norbu 江村罗布 རྒྱལ་མཚན་ནོར་བུ་

                                                              1998 – 2003: Legqog 列确 ལེགས་མཆོག 

 

                                                            2003 – 10: Jampa Phuntsok 向巴平措  བྱམས་པ་ཕུན་ཚོགས་

 

                                                              2010 – 13: Padma Choling 白玛赤林པདྨ་འཕྲིན་ལས

 

                                                              2013 – 17: Losang Gyaltsen 洛桑江村 བློ་བཟང་རྒྱལ་མཚན

 

                                                              2017 -: Che Dalha 齐扎拉  ཆེ་དགྲ་ལྷ